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Among the most promising quantum bits qubits for such networks are the spins of individual particles in solids, such as electrons and nuclei.

Elementary control of such qubits and links within quantum networks have been demonstrated, but the largest entangled quantum states reported to date have contained just three spins. Larger quantum registers are essential to realizing advanced computational power. However, controlling individual spins within complex and strongly interacting spin systems is a significant challenge.

In this study, we demonstrate a fully controllable ten-qubit register. Working at 3. We show that the system is fully connected by generating entangled states between all 45 possible spin pairs, and we prepare genuine seven-spin entanglement.

The spins that we study are excellent quantum memories that can store quantum states for up to one minute, the longest coherence time reported for solid-state spin qubits. We expect that our methods can also be applied to other spin platforms in diamond, silicon, and silicon carbide.

Our findings pave the way for advanced quantum algorithms and large multiqubit quantum networks based on tens of solid-state spin qubits. Illustration of the ten-qubit register developed in this work.

The electron spin of a single NV center in diamond acts as a central qubit and is connected by two-qubit gates to the intrinsic N 14 nuclear spin and a further eight C 13 nuclear spins surrounding the NV center. a Illustration of the pulse sequence employed to realize a DDrf gate. Dynamical decoupling pulses on the electron spin purple are interleaved with rf pulses yellow , which selectively drive a single nuclear spin.

b Illustration showing that the initial state of the electron spin determines which rf pulses are resonant with the nuclear spin. The phase of each rf pulse is adapted to create the desired nuclear spin evolution, accounting for periods of free precession according to Eq.

The final state vectors are antiparallel along the equator; therefore, the gate is a maximally entangling two-qubit gate. d Top-down view of c. a Nuclear spin spectroscopy. The electron spin is then measured along a basis in the equatorial plane defined by angle φ see inset.

By fitting the amplitude, we distinguish such deterministic phase shifts from loss of coherence due to entangling interactions. The signals due to interaction with the eight C 13 spins used in this work are labeled. The dashed gray line indicates the C 13 Larmor frequency ω L.

A detailed analysis of the spectrum is given in the Supplemental Material [ 53 ]. b , c Example phase sweeps for two data points highlighted in red b and orange c in a. Solid lines are fits to f φ. a Experimental sequence to prepare an electron-nuclear Bell state and determine the expectation value of the two-qubit operator Z X.

A series of single- and two-qubit gates are used to initialize the nuclear spin [ 16, 37 ]. A measurement of the electron spin in the Z basis is followed by an X -basis measurement of the nuclear spin through the electron spin.

These measurements are separated by a nuclear spin echo, which is implemented to mitigate dephasing of the nuclear spin. The entire sequence is applied with and without an additional electron π pulse dashed box before the first electron readout in order to reconstruct the electron state while ensuring that the measurement does not disturb the nuclear spin state [ 16, 42 ].

b Density matrix of the electron-nuclear state after applying the sequence shown in a to qubit C1, reconstructed with state tomography. We correct for infidelities in the readout sequence characterized in separate measurements [ 53 ].

We use error function pulse envelopes with a 7. a Experimental sequence for the preparation of a nuclear-nuclear Bell state and measurement of the two-qubit operator Z Z. Measurement of the two-qubit correlations between the nuclear spins is then performed through the electron spin.

Spin echoes dashed boxes built into the measurement sequence protect the nuclear spins from dephasing errors. Blue purple bars show the experimental ideal expectation values for each operator.

The nuclear-nuclear correlations are well preserved after a nondestructive measurement of the electron spin in the X basis. Measured Bell state fidelities for all pairs of qubits in the ten-qubit register.

Genuine entanglement is confirmed in all cases, as witnessed by a fidelity exceeding 0. Qubits C1, C7, C8, and N 14 are controlled using DDrf gates Sec. Qubits C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 are controlled using the methods described in Taminiau et al.

The measurement sequence is broken down into basis rotations BR 1,2 , an electron readout RO , nuclear spin echoes echo 1,2 , and a multiqubit readout of the nuclear spins.

All operations are applied sequentially in the same way as shown in Fig.

Measured Bell state fidelities for all pairs of qubits in the ten-qubit register. Genuine entanglement is confirmed in all cases, as witnessed by a fidelity exceeding 0. Qubits C1, C7, C8, and N 14 are controlled using DDrf gates Sec.

Qubits C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 are controlled using the methods described in Taminiau et al. The measurement sequence is broken down into basis rotations BR 1,2 , an electron readout RO , nuclear spin echoes echo 1,2 , and a multiqubit readout of the nuclear spins. All operations are applied sequentially in the same way as shown in Fig.

b , c Bar plots showing the measured expectation values nonzero terms of the ideal state only after preparing the five-spin b and seven-spin c GHZ states. The colors indicate the number of qubits involved, i. Gray bars show the ideal expectation values. See the Supplemental Material [ 53 ] for the operator corresponding to each bar.

The fidelity with the target state is 0. d Plot of GHZ state fidelity against the number of constituent qubits. A value above 0. The blue points are the measured data, while the green points are theoretical predictions assuming a simple depolarizing noise model whose parameters are extracted from single- and two-qubit experiments.

Numerical values are given in the Supplemental Material [ 53 ]. a Dynamical decoupling for spin C5. B , T , and n are fit parameters which account for the decay of the fidelity due to interactions with the nuclear spin bath, external noise, and pulse errors.

b Dynamical decoupling of the N 14 spin. Solid lines are fits to f t , but with A as a free parameter to account for the observed decrease in the Z Z correlations at large pulse numbers, likely due to pulse errors. With decoupling pulses, genuine two-qubit entanglement is witnessed at times up to In addition, interpolation of the fit yields For pair 1, the fitted decay times T are 0.

For pair 2, the equivalent values are 0. It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.

This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author s and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained.

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Physical Review X Highlights Recent Subjects Accepted Collections Authors Referees Search Press About Editorial Team. Featured in Physics Open Access. A Ten-Qubit Solid-State Spin Register with Quantum Memory up to One Minute C.

Bradley, J. Randall, M. Abobeih, R. Berrevoets, M. Degen, M. Bakker, M. Markham, D. Twitchen, and T. Taminiau Phys. X 9 , — Published 11 September See Synopsis: Diamond Qubits Take the Stage.

Article References Citing Articles Supplemental Material Article References Citing Articles Supplemental Material PDF HTML Export Citation.

Abstract Spins associated with single defects in solids provide promising qubits for quantum-information processing and quantum networks.

Research Areas. Quantum control Quantum entanglement Quantum gates Quantum memories. Diamond Qubits Take the Stage Published 11 September A ten-qubit system based on spins in impure diamond achieves coherence times of over a minute.

See more in Physics. Taminiau TUDelft. Issue Vol. Authorization Required. Log In. Other Options Buy Article » Find an Institution with the Article ». Figure 1 Illustration of the ten-qubit register developed in this work. Figure 2 a Illustration of the pulse sequence employed to realize a DDrf gate.

Figure 3 a Nuclear spin spectroscopy. Figure 4 a Experimental sequence to prepare an electron-nuclear Bell state and determine the expectation value of the two-qubit operator Z X. Figure 5 a Experimental sequence for the preparation of a nuclear-nuclear Bell state and measurement of the two-qubit operator Z Z.

Figure 6 Measured Bell state fidelities for all pairs of qubits in the ten-qubit register. Figure 8 a Dynamical decoupling for spin C5. Sign up to receive regular email alerts from Physical Review X Sign up. Create an account ×.

Journal: Phys. X PRX Energy PRX Life PRX Quantum Rev. A Phys. B Phys. C Phys. D Phys. E Phys. Research Phys. Menu Toggle. Welcome to the SPIN website SPIN is a database on the use of Substances in Products in the Nordic Countries. Start browsing and searching the database Download offline database The database is based on data from the Product Registries of Norway , Sweden , Denmark and Finland.

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